Frames are an artificial intelligencedata structure used to divide knowledge into substructures by representing 'stereotyped situations'. They were proposed by Marvin Minsky in his 1974 article 'A Framework for Representing Knowledge'. Frames are the primary data structure used in artificial intelligence frame language; they are stored as ontologies of sets.

Frames are also an extensive part of knowledge representation and reasoning schemes. They were originally derived from semantic networks and are therefore part of structure based knowledge representations. According to Russell and Norvig's 'Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach', structural representations assemble '[..]facts about particular object and event types and arrange the types into a large taxonomic hierarchy analogous to a biological taxonomy'.

Use 'slot' in a sentence Slot machine gambling was legalized in 2004 to reduce property taxes.' He's stepping into CBS's late-night slot long occupied by David Letterman. According to Pro Football Focus, Sherman played 13 snaps in the slot Sunday. He corralled David Backes' saucer pass from across the slot and beat Enroth. Slot definition, a narrow, elongated depression, groove, notch, slit, or aperture, especially a narrow opening for receiving or admitting something, as a coin or a letter. In formal writing, always write the date in full when it is part of a sentence. This usually involves giving the day of the month, the month, and the year: The meeting will take place on April 21, 2019. Note that the year follows after a comma. You can, however, use a few different formats.

Frame structure[edit]

The frame contains information on how to use the frame, what to expect next, and what to do when these expectations are not met. Some information in the frame is generally unchanged while other information, stored in 'terminals', usually change. Terminals can be considered as variables. Top level frames carry information, that is always true about the problem in hand, however, terminals do not have to be true. Their value might change with the new information encountered. Different frames may share the same terminals.

Each piece of information about a particular frame is held in a slot. The information can contain:

Facts or Data
- Values (called facets)
Procedures (also called procedural attachments)
- IF-NEEDED : deferred evaluation
- IF-ADDED : updates linked information
Default Values
- For Data
- For Procedures
Other Frames or Subframes

Features and advantages[edit]

A frame's terminals are already filled with default values, which is based on how the human mind works. For example, when a person is told 'a boy kicks a ball', most people will visualize a particular ball (such as a familiar soccer ball) rather than imagining some abstract ball with no attributes.

One particular strength of frame based knowledge representations is that, unlike semantic networks, they allow for exceptions in particularinstances. This gives frames an amount of flexibility that allow representations of real world phenomena to be reflected more accurately.

Like semantic networks, frames can be queried using spreading activation. Following the rules of inheritance, any value given to a slot that is inherited by subframes will be updated (IF-ADDED) to the corresponding slots in the subframes and any new instances of a particular frame will feature that new value as the default.

Because frames are based on structures, it is possible to generate a semantic network given a set of frames even though it lacks explicit arcs. The reference to Noam Chomsky and his generative grammar of 1950 is generally missing in Minsky's publications. However, the semantic strength is originated by that concept.

The simplified structures of frames allow for easy analogical reasoning, a much prized feature in any intelligent agent. The procedural attachments provided by frames also allow a degree of flexibility that makes for a more realistic representation and gives a natural affordance for programming applications.

Example[edit]

Worth noticing here is the easy analogical reasoning (comparison) that can be done between a boy and a monkey just by having similarly named slots.

Also notice that Alex, an instance of a boy, inherits default values like 'Sex' from the more general parent object Boy,but the boy may also have different instance values in the form of exceptions such as the number of legs.

Slot	Value	Type
ALEX	_	(This Frame)
NAME	Alex	(key value)
ISA	Boy	(parent frame)
SEX	Male	(inheritance value)
AGE	IF-NEEDED: Subtract(current,BIRTHDATE);	(procedural attachment)
HOME	100 Main St.	(instance value)
BIRTHDATE	8/4/2000	(instance value)
FAVORITE_FOOD	Spaghetti	(instance value)
CLIMBS	Trees	(instance value)
BODY_TYPE	Wiry	(instance value)
NUM_LEGS	1	(exception)

Slot	Value	Type
BOY	_	(This Frame)
ISA	Person	(parent frame)
SEX	Male	(instance value)
AGE	Under 12 yrs.	(procedural attachment - sets constraint)
HOME	A Place	(frame)
NUM_LEGS	Default = 2	(default, inherited from Person frame)

Slot	Value	Type
MONKEY	_	(This Frame)
ISA	Primate	(parent frame)
SEX	OneOf(Male,Female)	(procedural attachment)
AGE	an integer	(procedural attachment - sets constraint)
HABITAT	Default = Jungle	(default)
FAVORITE_FOOD	Default = Bananas	(default)
CLIMBS	Trees	_
BODY_TYPE	Default = Wiry	(default)
NUM_LEGS	Default = 2	(default)

Frame language[edit]

A frame language is a technology used for knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. They are similar to class hierarchies in object-oriented languages although their fundamental design goals are different. Frames are focused on explicit and intuitive representation of knowledge whereas objects focus on encapsulation and information hiding. Frames originated in AI research and objects primarily in software engineering. However, in practice, the techniques and capabilities of frame and object-oriented languages overlap significantly.

Example[edit]

A simple example of concepts modeled in a frame language is the Friend of A Friend (FOAF) ontology defined as part of the Semantic Web as a foundation for social networking and calendar systems. The primary frame in this simple example is a Person. Example slots are the person's email, home page, phone, etc. The interests of each person can be represented by additional frames describing the space of business and entertainment domains. The slot knows links each person with other persons. Default values for a person's interests can be inferred by the web of people they are friends of.^[1]

Implementations[edit]

The earliest Frame based languages were custom developed for specific research projects and were not packaged as tools to be re-used by other researchers. Just as with expert systeminference engines, researchers soon realized the benefits of extracting part of the core infrastructure and developing general purpose frame languages that were not coupled to specific applications. One of the first general purpose frame languages was KRL.^[2] One of the most influential early Frame languages was KL-ONE^[3] KL-ONE spawned several subsequent Frame languages. One of the most widely used successors to KL-ONE was the Loom language developed by Robert MacGregor at the Information Sciences Institute.^[4]

In the 1980s Artificial Intelligence generated a great deal of interest in the business world fueled by expert systems. This led to the development of ma

Slot Used In A Sentence